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This could be a defense strategy developed by the tree - with the ants protecting the trees from other insect parasites, through the agency of the oak gall wasps.
Symbiosis is widely observed in nature, but this looks like triple symbiosis, where all three parties benefit.
This was observed in PA, USA - it would be interesting to find out if this is a purely local phenomenon, or wider. Could be watching evolution in real time . . .