However, 14 years ago, maintenance stopped being made by the public Lisbon transit operator (Carris) and was outsourced to private companies through public bidding. At least two companies serviced this system during that period.
Why is this a problem? On equipment this old, maintenance can’t be learned on books. There are decades of institutional knowledge that needs to be passed down from the more experienced staff to new hires. That knowledge was thrown away on each contract.