Macro photography: there are (I think) two main ways to go about this, hardware-wise:
1. Actual macro lenses (tend to be expensive, but sometimes there are nice bargains)
2. Expander tubes that push a non-macro lens farther away from the camera body so that the light image on the sensor is heavily cropped.
#2 sounds sketchy, but there's just an awful lot of light per square mm in the world, most of the time. Cropping a photo already taken always means you lose a lot of info, but "cropping" with an extension tube is a surprisingly effective way of doing macro photography.
That said, a dedicated macro lens (or even a combo, like a zoom with macro at the extreme end of zooming) will usually offer advantages. IDK about photo quality, but the dedicated macro will give you far greater depth of field, for instance.
Anyway, I like talking about stuff like this, as I'm sure many others on mastodon do.