I think it is a little unfair to try to infer the contents of the paper from the extremely broad and simplified picture in the lay press release when the paper is freely available and linked to from the article: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00029890.2025.2460966
I skimmed the paper and wasn’t able to make much sense of it but it does seem rigorous enough to engage with on its own terms rather than the version in the press release.