Wish the sun to stand still 🌞 on Nostr: I think the function you're looking for – what Google Authenticator does – is ...

I think the function you're looking for – what Google Authenticator does – is simply TOTP. A timed one-time passcode.

Lots of apps will do this, although companies like Google try to mislead people into thinking their auth tokens have to come from "the cloud".

For phones I recommend Aegis Authenticator, you can get it from either Google Play or FDroid. If you want combined password manager + TOTP in one app, then give KeePass or Bitwarden a try.

FWIW, you should be aware that its not possible to configure a phone to be as secure as a laptop, since phones don't have robust virtual machine capabilities. The list of auth apps you can use in a Linux "vault" VM differs somewhat from Android.