eh, from their own perspectives maybe. like, the doctors that abused black people might have truly believed those were not people and that animals don't have thoughts and feelings.
the doctors diagnosing women with hysteria probably believed the scientific literature they were trained on too, just like the doctors who thought habd washing was nonsense. just like the doctors now who think "airborne" doesn't truly exist.
all of these doctors have managed to administer, what was for the time, normal healthcare to white men. but even then some of their patients would die due to their ignorance.
but perhaps more importantly, when you say "for all of history" do you mean white history?
you talking the greece, rome, england, america history? or are we including tribal doctors, traditional medicine practitioners during times when that was all we had? asian science? anything non-colonial?
idk if any of them took a hippocratic oath, but I don't think they should be discounted in one's estimation of "all of history" nor should we ignore anthropological evidence for pre-history activities.
